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| 1415 |
| | | A Portuguese prince, Henry the Navigator, becomes fascinated by exploration down the coast of Africa and commissions successive voyages | |
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| c. 1420 |
| | | The Portuguese, discovering the lush and uninhabited island of Madeira, send colonists to settle it | |
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| 1446 |
| | | Portugal claims ownership of the region of Guinea, subsequently the centre of their slave trade on the west African coast | |
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| c. 1450 |
| | | A warrior king, Ewuare, establishes the forest kingdom of Benin | |
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| c. 1450 |
| | | Coffee, derived from wild plants in Ethiopia, is cultivated in Arabia | |
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| c. 1450 |
| | | The caravel, a sailing ship developed in the Mediterranean and used down the west coast of Africa, is adapted by the Portuguese for Atlantic use | |
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| 1462 |
| | | Portuguese settlers arrive to found Cidade Velha, on the Cape Verde island of Santiago | |
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| 1466 |
| | | The Portuguese settlers on the Cape Verde islands are granted a monopoly on the new slave trade | |
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| c. 1480 |
| | | The Maravi Confederacy is formed by Bantu tribes and soon wins control over a large region between Lake Nyasa and the Zambezi | |
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| c. 1480 |
| | | An increase in trade through the central Sahara benefits the Songhay, with their capital at Gao, at the expense of Mali | |
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